Best Practice in Accessible Tourism: Inclusion, Disability, Ageing Population and Tourism . You can download the paper by clicking the button above. TOURISM WESTERN AUSTRALIA DISABILITY ACCESS AND INCLUSION PLAN 2012 - 2016 This plan is available upon request in alternative formats such as large. 1 Hotel accommodation, accessible tourism and market principles This article provides an update to the Australian accommodation sector of recent. Accessible tourism is the ongoing endeavour to ensure tourist destinations, products and services are accessible to all people, regardless of their physical. For the City of New York, dedicated to maximizing travel and tourism oppor-. 6 NYC Official Accessibility Guide. This is New York CitySightseeing 02. Tourism and Events Queensland (TEQ) is the Queensland Government's lead marketing, destination and experience development and major events agency. Health, United States trend tables with data on disability; Older Persons' Health. Adobe PDF file; Microsoft PowerPoint file; Microsoft Word file.
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Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation - Stead - 2. The Cochrane Library. Plain language summary. Can nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) help people quit smoking? NRT aims to reduce withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping smoking by replacing the nicotine from cigarettes. NRT is available as skin patches that deliver nicotine slowly, and chewing gum, nasal and oral sprays, inhalers, and lozenges/tablets, all of which deliver nicotine to the brain more quickly than from skin patches, but less rapidly than from smoking cigarettes. This review includes 1. NRT, with over 5. We found evidence that all forms of NRT made it more likely that a person's attempt to quit smoking would succeed. The chances of stopping smoking were increased by 5. The evidence suggests no overall difference in effectiveness between different forms of NRT, nor a benefit for using patches beyond eight weeks. NRT works with or without additional counselling, and does not need to be prescribed by a doctor. Heavier smokers may need higher doses of NRT. People who use NRT during a quit attempt are likely to further increase their chance of success by using a combination of the nicotine patch and a faster acting form or by combining the patch with the antidepressant bupropion. Data suggest that starting to use NRT patches shortly before the planned quit date may increase the chance of success. Adverse effects from using NRT are related to the type of product, and include skin irritation from patches and irritation to the inside of the mouth from gum and tablets. There is no evidence that NRT increases the risk of heart attacks. A TRN existe na forma de adesivos cut. As chances de sucesso aumentam em 5. Pessoas que utilizam a TRN t. Os estudos sugerem que se o indiv. Os efeitos colaterais do uso de TRN dependem do tipo de produto usado, e incluem irrita. Znaleziono dane naukowe potwierdzaj. NTZ jest skuteczna zar. U palaczy silniej uzale. Nie ma danych wskazuj. Nicotine replacement therapy. Nicotine replacement therapy. Patient or population: people who smoke cigarettes Settings: clinical and non- clinical, including over the counter Intervention: nicotine replacement therapy of any form. Outcomes. Illustrative comparative risks* (9. CI)Relative effect (9. CI)No of Participants (studies)Quality of the evidence (GRADE)Comments. Assumed risk. Corresponding risk. High-dose nicotine patch therapy. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies. Croghan IT, Schroeder DR: High-dose nicotine patch therapy. Percentage of replacement and smoking. Smoking cessation with nicotine replacement therapy among health care. Outpatient patch therapy. Guidelines for Inpatient Tobacco Cessation Therapy Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of. Cigarettes Nicotine Patch Dose. High-dose nicotine patch therapy. Percentage of replacement and. Research from JAMA — High-Dose Nicotine Patch Therapy — Percentage of Replacement and Smoking Cessation. Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: meta-analysis. Jatlow P, Makuch R, et al. Low-dose naltrexone augmentation of nicotine replacement for smoking cessation. High-dose nicotine patch therapy. Control. Nicotine replacement therapy of any form. Smoking cessation at 6+ months follow- up. Follow- up: 6 - 2. Study population. RR 1. 6(1. 5. 3 to 1. The corresponding risk (and its 9. CI). CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio; GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Official Full-Text Publication: High-dose nicotine patch therapy: Percentage of replacement and smoking cessation on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists.Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate. Background. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aims to reduce motivation to smoke and the physiological and psychomotor withdrawal symptoms often experienced during an attempt to stop smoking, and therefore increase the likelihood of remaining abstinent (West 2. Nicotine undergoes first pass metabolism in the liver, reducing the overall bioavailability of swallowed nicotine pills. A pill that could reliably produce high enough nicotine levels in the central nervous system would risk causing adverse gastrointestinal effects. To avoid this problem, nicotine replacement products are formulated for absorption through the oral or nasal mucosa (chewing gum, lozenges, sublingual tablets, inhaler/inhalator, spray) or through the skin (transdermal patches). Other products are also under development (Park 2. D'Orlando 2. 00. 4; Ikinci 2. Bolliger 2. 00. 7; Mc. Robbie 2. 01. 0). Nicotine patches differ from the other products in that they deliver the nicotine dose slowly and passively. They do not replace any of the behavioural activities of smoking. In contrast the other types of NRT are faster acting, but require more effort on the part of the user. Transdermal patches are available in several different doses, and deliver between 5 mg and 5. Fiore 1. 99. 2). Some brands of patch are designed to be worn for 2. Nicotine gum is available in both 2 mg and 4 mg strengths, and nicotine lozenges are available in 1 mg, 1. None of the available products deliver such high doses of nicotine as quickly as cigarettes. An average cigarette delivers between 1 and 3 mg of nicotine and the typical pack- per- day smoker absorbs 2. Henningfield 2. 00. The availability of NRT products on prescription or for over- the- counter purchase varies from country to country. Table 1 summarises the products currently licensed in the United Kingdom. Table 1. Nicotine replacement therapies available in the UKType. Available doses. Nicotine transdermal patches. Worn over 1. 6 hours: 5 mg, 1. Worn over 2. 4 hours: 7mg, 1. Nicotine chewing gum. Nicotine sublingual tablet. Nicotine lozenge. Nicotine inhalation cartridge plus mouthpiece. Cartridge containing 1. Nicotine metered nasal spray. Nicotine oral spray. In earlier versions, this review focused on the effect of nicotine replacement therapy in comparison to placebo for helping people stop smoking. The evidence that NRT helps some people to stop smoking is now well accepted, and many clinical guidelines recommend NRT as a first line treatment for people seeking pharmacological help to stop smoking (West 2. NZ Mo. H 2. 00. 7; Woolacott 2. Italy ISS 2. 00. 4; Le Foll 2. Fiore 2. 00. 8; Zwar 2. This review still provides an estimate of the expected effect of using NRT, using meta- analysis. We also address questions about when and how to use NRT most effectively. This includes consideration of the effect of the type of NRT used, including the use of combinations of different types of NRT, the effect of the setting in which it is used (including purchasing over the counter versus prescription use), the effect of dosing according to characteristics of the individual quitter and whether the effect of NRT is altered by different levels of behavioural support. NRT is now one of several forms of pharmacotherapy available to support quit attempts, including some antidepressants and the nicotine receptor partial agonist varenicline. These pharmacotherapies are evaluated in separate Cochrane reviews (Hughes 2. Cahill 2. 00. 7). This review includes in its scope evaluations of randomized trials directly comparing NRT to these treatments, or combining NRT with them. Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), including gum, transdermal patch, intranasal spray and inhaled and oral preparations, in achieving long- term smoking cessation. We addressed the following questions: Is NRT more effective than a placebo or 'no NRT' intervention in promoting smoking cessation? Is NRT relatively more effective when given with higher levels of behavioural support? Is NRT relatively more effective for people who are highly motivated to quit smoking? Is 4 mg nicotine gum more effective than 2 mg nicotine gum? Are fixed dosing schedules for nicotine gum more effective than ad lib use? Is higher dose nicotine patch therapy more effective than standard dose (. Trials where allocation to treatment was by a quasi- randomized method were also included, but appropriate sensitivity analysis was used to determine whether their inclusion altered the results. Types of participants. Men or women who smoked and were motivated to quit were included irrespective of the setting from which they were recruited and/or their initial level of nicotine dependence. We included studies that randomized therapists, rather than smokers, to offer NRT or a control, provided that the specific aim of the study was to examine the effect of NRT on smoking cessation. Trials that randomized physicians or other therapists to receive an educational intervention, which included encouraging their patients to use NRT, were not included, but have been reviewed separately (Carson 2. Types of interventions. Comparisons of NRT (including chewing gum, transdermal patches, nasal and oral spray, inhalers and tablets or lozenges) versus placebo or no NRT control. The terms 'inhaler' and 'inhalator' (an oral device which delivers nicotine to the buccal mucosa by sucking) are used interchangeably in the literature. We have used the term 'inhaler' throughout the rest of this review. We also included trials comparing different doses of NRT, comparing more than one type of NRT to a single type, comparing NRT with bupropion and combinations of the two, and comparing use of NRT prior to quit date as opposed to from quit date only. In some analyses we categorized the trials into groups depending on the level of additional support provided (low or high). The definition of the low intensity category was intended to identify a level of support that could be offered as part of the provision of routine medical care. If the duration of time spent with the smoker (including assessment for the trial) exceeded 3. The high intensity category included trials where there were a large number of visits to the clinic or trial centre, but these were often brief, spread over an extended period during treatment and follow- up, and did not include a specific counselling component. To provide a more fine- grained analysis and to distinguish between high intensity group- based support and other trials within the high intensity category, we have therefore specified where the support included multi- session group- based counselling with frequent sessions around the quit date. Types of outcome measures. The review evaluates the effects of NRT versus control on smoking cessation, rather than on withdrawal symptoms. The 3. 0 best hotels in Tampa, USA - Hotel deals. Things to do in Tampa; Driving Directions; Raymond James Stadium; Amalie Arena; MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre; Busch Gardens; Tampa Museums; Lowry Park Zoo. If you’re looking for Tampa hotels, choose Embassy Suites Tampa in downtown, connected to the Convention Center. Enjoy a two-room suite and a daily free breakfast. Explore exclusive Tampa Bay hotel deals and the best available rates at The Westin Tampa Bay, featuring 244 guest rooms and spectacular views of the bay area. 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